Neck growths are usually cysts, not dangerous, doctors say; removal typically reserved for infection or symptoms

One of the most likely causes of a growth on the neck is a cyst, according to Dr Philippa Kaye. A cyst is a fluid-filled sac in the skin, and these growths are often painless and feel smooth or rubbery. The form most commonly seen on the neck is a sebaceous cyst, typically arising from blocked hair follicles. Sebaceous cysts can also appear on the face, scalp, chest and back, and they are especially common among middle-aged women, a pattern linked to hormonal changes around menopause that can affect the skin’s structure and function. For the most part, sebaceous cysts are not dangerous and do not require removal.

The decision to remove a cyst depends on its symptoms. The NHS may agree to surgically remove a cyst if it becomes infected, painful or restricts movement of the neck. The procedure is generally straightforward, rarely leaves a scar, and can sometimes be performed by a GP trained in minor surgery. However, many people with benign cysts do not receive this operation on the NHS. Private clinics typically offer sebaceous cyst removal for between £250 and £500. A persistent myth is that poor hygiene causes these cysts; experts say this is not true. Patients should never squeeze or puncture cysts at home, as this can risk infection or permanent scarring.

Patients should see their GP about a cyst if it grows rapidly, becomes hard, is painful or leaking pus, appears in the breast or testicle, or is accompanied by unexplained weight loss, fever or night sweats, because, in rare cases, a cyst can be cancerous. If the NHS suspects a cyst is cancerous, it would be surgically removed for diagnosis and treatment. Lumps on the neck, however, are not exclusively cysts; they can also be swollen lymph nodes from infections, or issues with the salivary glands. Lymph nodes tend to resolve once infections clear, while salivary gland stones can block the flow of saliva; these stones usually pass on their own, with hydration and gentle massage.

Usually, a lump that has been present for more than three weeks should be assessed by a doctor, as neck lumps can rarely reflect more serious conditions, including lymphoma or cancer of the glands. While sebaceous cysts are the most common cause, a careful evaluation helps rule out other possibilities and guides appropriate management.

Separately, a reader asked whether gallbladder removal could cause discharge from the back passage. Dr Kaye says it is unlikely that a gallbladder operation would lead to such discharge. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver, aiding fat digestion. Removal is usually due to persistent gallstones and does not stop bile production at the liver. Some patients may notice looser stools or mild diarrhea after the procedure, but discharge from the back passage is not a normal post-surgery finding. Such discharge is more often caused by hemorrhoids, sexually transmitted infections or inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s. A small tear or fissure in the anal lining can also cause discharge.

In rare cases, bloody discharge can signal bowel cancer, particularly if it is accompanied by abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or a change in bowel habits. For this reason, a GP should assess the issue to diagnose and treat the underlying cause. Even if cancer is not suspected, a clinician can provide guidance and management for the underlying problem.